Description of The Health Promotion Theory (Including Critical Concepts)
Health Promotion Model Overview:
Each person has unique characteristics and experiences that affect their actions. Individuals also have feelings about specific health promoting behaviors that influence whether they choose to execute the health promoting action. Advanced practice nurses can help to modify knowledge, experiences, and emotions to help promote health and wellness in their patients (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
Each person has unique characteristics and experiences that affect their actions. Individuals also have feelings about specific health promoting behaviors that influence whether they choose to execute the health promoting action. Advanced practice nurses can help to modify knowledge, experiences, and emotions to help promote health and wellness in their patients (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
Column 1: Individual Characteristics and Experiences
These are factors that influence health-promoting behaviors. 1. Prior related behavior: This refers to an individual’s previous experience with the specific behavior. 2. Personal factors a. Biological factors: Age, gender, weight, height, strength, and agility all influence health behaviors (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). b. Psychological factors: Self-esteem, motivation, competence, beliefs, and perceived health status influence health promoting actions (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). c. Socio-cultural: Race, ethnicity, education, socio-economic status, and education influence an individual's health related behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). Implications: Advanced practice nurses need to assess individual characteristics and customize interventions accordingly. Advanced practice nurses must understand an individual’s background and other non-modifiable factors before developing a plan of care. |
Column 2: Behavior-specific Cognitions and Affect
These are the major motivators of healthy behavior. These are the reasons why a patient will or will not engage in a health promoting behavior. 1. Perceived benefits of action: An individual's beliefs about the positive outcomes that will occur from a specific health behavior influence whether or not they engage in that specific behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). 2. Perceived barriers to action: This includes real or imagined blocks to performing a given behavior. This may include time, money, inconvenience, or difficulty in performing a specific behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). 3. Perceived self-efficacy: An individual's judgment of ability to execute a health-promoting behavior will impact whether to not they execute the healthy behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). *The arrow from perceived self-efficacy to perceived barriers indicates that increased self-efficacy will result in decreased perceptions of barriers to action. 4. Activity-related affect: This refers to subjective emotions and feelings that occur before, during, and after a specific health promoting behavior is performed (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). * The arrow from activity-related affect to perceived self-efficacy indicates that activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, meaning that the more positive the feeling is, the greater the feeling of self-efficacy. 5. Interpersonal influences: Social support, expectations of friends and family, cultural norms, and behavior of others all influence the individual’s health-related behaviors (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). 6. Situational influences: Other health behavior options and the environment in which the health-behavior takes place influence whether or not the individual performs the behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). Implications: Advanced practice nurses need to assess and address these areas to increase the likelihood that an individual will engage in a specific healthy behavior. These are specific areas at which advanced practice nurses can tailor and target their interventions. |
Column 3: Behavioral Outcomes
This is where the performance of an action takes place. 1. Commitment to a plan of action: The individual decides to take action and implements a healthy behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). 2. Immediate competing demands and preferences: a. Competing demands are alternative behaviors that individuals do not have much control over. This may include things such as work, family responsibilities, and childcare (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). b. Competing preferences are alternative behaviors over which the individuals exert high control over and may choose to do instead of the health promoting behavior. This includes diet, exercise, and shopping (Peterson & Bredow, 2013). Implications: Advanced practice nurses need to ensure an individual's confidence in understanding the plan implementation. The advanced practice nurse should then follow up at intervals to confirm that the implementation continues. Re-education is influential for long-term commitment. |
Propositions of the Health Promotion Model:
1. Previous behavior and personal characteristics influence beliefs, feelings, and performance of health-promoting behaviors (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
2. People are more likely to engage in behaviors from which they anticipate benefits (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
3. People are less likely to engage in behaviors from which they perceive barriers (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
4. An increase in self-efficacy increases the likelihood that an individual will engage in a specific health promoting behavior (Gonzolo, 2011).
5. Increasing an individual's self-efficacy will decrease the amount of perceived barriers (Gonzolo, 2011).
6. Positive emotions and feelings of accomplishment result in greater perceived self-efficacy and increased likelihood of commitment to an action (Gonzolo, 2011).
7. Individuals are more likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors when family or friends model the behavior or provide support (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
8. Influences of family, friends, and peers can either increase or decrease commitment to a specific health-promoting behavior (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).
9. Situational factors can either promote or inhibit health-promoting behaviors (Gonzolo, 2011).
10. An individual is unlikely to engage in a specific health-behavior if other competing demands take precedence or if there are other options that are more appealing (Gonzolo, 2011).
11. Individuals can modify beliefs, feelings, interpersonal influences, and the physical environment to create motivation for healthy behaviors (Peterson & Bredow, 2013).